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If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. It has a population of 307,755. The city is the seat of the two highest courts in Germany: the and the. Its most remarkable building is , which was built in 1715. Karlsruhe Carlsruhe The in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the , and almost completely on the. It contains the in the east, and also lies on the borders of the leading to the. The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of and in the German state of. The city centre is about 7. Two tributaries of the Rhine, the and the , flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine. The city lies at an altitude between 100 and 322 m near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach. Its geographical coordinates are ; the runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the , the cities Canada , France , Germany , and China. Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the Stadtgarten municipal park. The total area of the city is 173. The longest north-south distance is 16. Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in , refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre. The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east-west, with two wings, each at a 45° angle, directed southeast and southwest i. The lies on the street running south from the palace to. The market square has the Rathaus to the west, the main church Evangelische Stadtkirche to the east, and the tomb of in in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in the style. The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the founded in 1825 , football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential. A 180-degree panorama from atop tower, facing north Climate Karlsruhe experiences an Cfb and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the area. Summers are also hotter than elsewhere in the country and it is one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the area. Precipitation is almost evenly spread throughout the year. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been operating since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in , south of Karlsruhe. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife. Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital,. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the. Karlsruhe became the capital of , and in 1771, of the united until 1945. Built in 1822, the Ständehaus was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected here. Karlsruhe was visited by during his time as the American envoy to France; when was planning the layout of , Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit. In 1860, the first-ever international professional of chemists, the , was held in the city. Much of the central area, including the palace, was reduced to rubble by during World War II, but was rebuilt after the war. Located in the American zone of the , Karlsruhe was home to an base, established in 1945. In 1995, the bases , and their facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe. Panorama of the courtyard of. The Marktplatz has a marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe. The Schloss is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent Schlossgarten includes the Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north. The so-called Kleine Kirche Little Church , built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre. The architect designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the Rondellplatz with its 'Constitution Building Columns' 1826. It is dedicated to Baden's first constitution in 1818, which was one of the most liberal of its time. Grand Ducal burial chapel The Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896, is a rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest. The main cemetery of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The was the first to be built in the style of a church. Karlsruhe is also home to a Museum of Natural History, an opera house the , as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The , built in 1846 by , displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is one of the most important art museums in. Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest in Germany. Breweries and buildings in art nouveau style were predominant in the western city Due to population growth in the late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas in the and especially styles of architecture, with many preserved examples. Karlsruhe is also home to the Majolika-Manufaktur, the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany. A 'blue streak' Blauer Strahl consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects the studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork. The Karlsruhe is the seat of the German Bundesverfassungsgericht and the highest in civil and criminal cases, the. The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of and were merged. In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court. Public health There are four hospitals: The municipal Klinikum Karlsruhe provides the maximum level of medical services, the St. Vincentius-Kliniken and the krankenhaus, connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private Paracelsus-Klinik basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning. The Technologieregion Karlsruhe is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote high tech industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in research and development. Internet activities Due to the providing services until the late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the internet capital of Germany. The , Germany's , has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where is located. The library of the developed the , the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide for free to search multiple library catalogues worldwide. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas. The VBK operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising seven tram routes and a network of bus routes. This network is well developed and all city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The , to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. The VBK is also a partner, with the and , in the operation of the , the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like , , , , , , , , and even in the right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is well known in transport circles around the world for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve a more effective and attractive system, to the extent that this is often known as the system. Since June 2007 it has been connected to the network, reducing travel time to to only three hours previously it had taken five hours. Oil port Two ports on the provide transport capacity on , especially for. Two interesting facts in transportation history are that both , the inventor of the bicycle, as well as , the inventor of the automobile were born in Karlsruhe. Benz was born in Mühlburg, which later became a borough of Karlsruhe in 1886. Benz also studied at the Karlsruhe University. Their professional lives led both men to the neighboring city of Mannheim, where they first applied their most famous inventions. Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding. They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717. A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers. As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the , but on the wayside only. In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave , the Jews ceased to be , and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the Todfall tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805. In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the , had become the granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group. The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry Oberrat der Israeliten Badens , with its seat in Karlsruhe, and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden. The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837. Complete was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s. Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi. Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park. The Jewish community owned buildings and property, such as two synagogues, one on Karl-Friedrich-Straße and one on Kronenstraße, two elderly citizens' homes, a Jewish school, a hospital, welfare institutions, and several Jewish cemeteries. During the first years of the Nazi regime, the community continued to function, particularly to prepare Jews for emigration. On October 28, 1938, all male Polish Jews living in Karlsruhe were deported to Poland. Synagogues were destroyed on , 9—10 November 1938. Most of the men were arrested and sent to , but were released after they had furnished proof that they intended to emigrate. In October 1940, 895 Jews were expelled during and interned by the French authorities in in southern France. Most of these were then deported from there to via the , on the outskirts of between August and November 1942. In 1945 there were only 18 Jews in Karlsruhe. More than 1,000 of them had been killed between 1933 and 1945. The Baden Central Jewish Council was reorganized in 1948. A new synagogue was built in 1969. Some 113 holocaust victims are commemorated by brass plaques on Karlsruhe's sidewalks, the so-called. He was the last Jewish boy to celebrate his in Karlsruhe's Kronenstrasse Synagogue, on September 24, 1938. A lecture room named after Hertz lies close to the very spot where the discovery was made. Technology, engineering, and business The Universität Karlsruhe-TH , the oldest technical university in Germany, is home to the Karlsruhe Research Center , where engineering and scientific research is performed in the areas of health, earth, and environmental sciences. The Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS is the largest university of technology in the state of , offering both professional and academic education in sciences and business. In 2009, the joined the to form the KIT. The arts The is one of the smallest universities in Germany, with average 300 students, but it is known as one of the most significant academies of fine arts. The HfG was founded to the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe. The HfG teaching and research focuses on and. The is a music that offers degrees in , music performance, education, and radio. Since 1989 it has been located in the Gottesaue Palace. International education The formerly known as Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule was founded in 2004. As a foundation-owned, state-approved , Karlshochschule offers in both German and English, focusing on international and , as well as service- and culture-related industries. Furthermore, an international consecutive in is offered in English. European Institute of Innovation and Technology EIT Main article: Karlsruhe hosts one of the 's Knowledge and Innovation Communities KICs focusing on. University of Education The was founded in 1962. It is specialized in educational processes. The University has about 3700 students and 180 full-time researchers and lecturers. It offers a wide range of educational studies, like teaching profession for primary and secondary schools both optional with a European Teaching Certificate profile , Bachelor programs that specializes in Early Childhood Education and in Health and Leisure Education, Master programs in Educational Science, Intercultural Education, Migration and Multilingualism. Furthermore, the University of Education Karlsruhe offers a Master program for Biodiversity and Environmental Education. Within a short time it built up a worldwide reputation as a cultural institution. Linking new media theory and practice, the ZKM is located in a former weapons factory. Among the institutes related to the ZKM are the State University of Design , whose president is philosopher and the Museum for Contemporary Art. The Baden State Theatre has sponsored the Festival since 1978. The city hosted the 23rd and 31st EJC in 2000 and 2008. In July the is held in the city's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied children's programme, and musical performances take place during the three days festival. In the past Karlsruhe has been the host of the biggest Linux event in Europe and until 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference. Visitors and locals watched the total at noon on August 11, 1999. The city was not only located within the eclipse path but was one of the few within Germany not plagued by bad weather. Football soccer KSC , 3. Liga Basketball , second division Karlsruhe co-hosted the FIBA. Journal of Chemical Education. Retrieved 25 June 2018. Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, , p. Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes 1789-1914. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. Amt für Stadtentwicklung in German. Archived from PDF on 2009-12-22. Archived from on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2015. Oulun kaupunki City of Oulu in Finnish.
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